As Vietnam moves towards piloting Emissions Trading System (ETS) from 2025, followed by full implementation in 2029 and eventual integration with international carbon markets in 2030, continued training and capacity-building efforts will be essential. Several strategies can be pursued to sustain its impact.
One of the most significant initiatives supporting this transition has been the ETS Training and Simulation Programme, implemented through the Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership (ETP) under the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). This has enhanced the capacity of key stakeholders, raising awareness and providing practical experience in emissions trading mechanisms.
At the forefront of Vietnam’s efforts to develop its carbon market is the Department of Climate Change under the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment. Responsible for designing climate change policies and overseeing carbon market development, the department plays a pivotal role in shaping the country’s climate action strategy.
The UNOPS and ETP are providing technical support and capacity-building initiatives to help Vietnam develop its carbon market and achieve its climate goals. This partnership is strengthening institutional readiness and aligning Vietnam’s framework with best practices.
An ETS operates on a cap-and-trade principle, where a limit is set on total emissions allowed from specific sectors or industries. Companies receive or purchase emission allowances, which they can trade with others depending on their emission levels. This market-based approach provides a financial incentive for industries to reduce their emissions in the most cost-effective way.
By setting a progressively declining cap, an ETS ensures a gradual reduction in emissions over time, supporting national climate goals. To date, more than 30 ETSs have been implemented worldwide, covering major economies such as the European Union, China, and South Korea. Vietnam is following a phased approach to developing its ETS, beginning with a pilot phase from 2025 to 2028, leading to full implementation in 2029 and international market integration by 2030.
The ETS Training and Simulation Programme in Vietnam has exceeded expectations in terms of reach and impact. Initially planned for four training sessions, the high demand and success of the early sessions led to an expansion to six sessions in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 2024. In total, 657 participants from various sectors engaged in the initiative. Over 80 per cent of attendees rated the training as highly beneficial, particularly valuing the interactive components and hands-on CarbonSim simulation exercises.
Through this training, participants gained essential skills and knowledge in understanding ETS principles, carbon pricing mechanisms, and emissions trading strategies. They also developed expertise in mastering key regulatory requirements for compliance with Vietnam’s forthcoming carbon market and learned how to participate in carbon trading, including cap setting, allowance allocation, and market transactions.
Furthermore, the training provided participants with strategic decision-making skills to optimise emissions reduction costs while ensuring regulatory compliance.
The programme played a crucial role in strengthening ETS readiness across various agencies, organisations, and businesses in Vietnam. Before the training, knowledge gaps existed among many stakeholders, particularly regarding market mechanisms and regulatory frameworks. Surveys conducted before and after training showed significant improvements in participants’ understanding.
Confidence in explaining carbon pricing increased considerably, and awareness of trading mechanisms, including auctions and over-the-counter markets, also improved significantly. The perception of ETS as essential for Vietnam’s climate goals grew stronger among participants.
A highlight of the training was the use of the CarbonSim tool, which allowed participants to engage in a realistic trading environment. These simulations effectively modelled core components such as cap setting, allowance allocation, trading mechanisms, and compliance requirements. The training helped stakeholders improve their understanding of the carbon market and ETS in both theoretical and practical aspects.
The programme successfully met its objectives of enhancing ETS literacy, strengthening institutional capacity, and preparing stakeholders for the upcoming carbon market. Increased recognition as a cost-effective emissions reduction tool was evident, and stronger confidence among stakeholders to navigate its compliance frameworks and trading strategies was observed.
Developing a network of trained professionals who can serve as future trainers will be instrumental in expanding the programme’s reach. Leveraging international partnerships and collaborating with established ETS markets will ensure that Vietnam remains aligned with global best practices. Encouraging government agencies to integrate such training into broader climate policy initiatives will further ensure long-term sustainability.
John Robert Cotton
